Research Questions On The Association Between Loan Lending...

Question 1 1. What were the research questions that guided this study? Why is it important to study this topic? What prior research did the authors review to provide context for their study? According to the article,There were four research questions used to guide the study. The first question that was used to examine the studied was the association between the cumulative amount of different analytic sample due to the nature of the analysis. This student loans borrowed over the course of schooling and psycho-y and directly say that it was looking for an association between the psychological function (here this mean s state or condition) of individuals who had borrowed money for schooling (their annual borrowing, sort of on a scale). Second, what is the association between annual student loan borrowing and psycho-monic position, and the addition of factors such as wealth, loans,logical functioning among students who are enrolled in college?.Also, the third question was analyzing , whether the association between loans as they obtain them during school, as well as during the student loans and psychological functioning varies by enrollment repayment period after graduatio n. Thus, these loans may be conferring 2-year versus 4-year colleges. Fourth, there was an investigation whether the association between student loans and psychological functioning will be stronger for those who did not obtain a college degree than those who did? It was important to focus on student loans

Passion And Moral Judgement Essay - 1396 Words

Passion as the Criterion for Moral Judgment nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ethics is the study of human conduct or in other words the study of moral behavior. All humans use ethics in their daily actions and decisions, but not many have the opportunity to probe into the core of ethics. When Socrates said in 399 B.C., â€Å"The unexplained life is not worth living† he was encouraging man to examine his way of life and ways of moral decision making. Ethics not only aims to discover the rules that should govern a moral life, but the goods one should aim to acquire in their life time. Ethics aims to explain why and how man acts the way he does and to shape the way man lives and acts,. Some philosophers say that reason is the criterion for making†¦show more content†¦Actions may be to blame in certain situations, but they cannot be called reasonable or unreasonable. If reason rules moral actions there would be no wrong in society because all people would follow the same moral code of conduct, but because man acts from his experience, passions, and sentiments not all men follow the same rules. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Many philosophers disagree with Hume’s idea of passions guiding human moral judgments. Among Hume’s strongest opposition would be the ancient philosophers Socrates and Plato. Both men believed that reason was the basis for moral judgments. Socrates’ thesis on reason was that only reason could lead man to truth and understanding. For Socrates rationality was the basis for morality. Plato believed that only through reason could man arrive at true knowledge. He thought that reason is an integral part of morals and its role is to gain knowledge and wisdom to fulfill the soul. Plato believed that human nature is reason and hence reason is good because human nature is good. Humans of today have proved Plato wrong; not all human nature is good. Plato also stated that, â€Å"Opinion without knowledge is always a shabby sort of thing. One who holds a true belief without intelligence is just like a blind man who happens to take the right road.â₠¬  Plato held intellectual knowledge and reason with the highest regards. He also believed that there is a fight between passion and reason, but HumeShow MoreRelatedPlato s Allegory Of The Cave1008 Words   |  5 PagesDescriptive ethics, or morals, consist of different people, groups, and societies that have standards. It is the philosophical study of what morality is and how it requires us to behave. Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, is his best effort to explain how we should live in society. Defining ‘what is morality?’ can be quite impossible with the many different theories and concepts on what it means to live morally. However, the overall concept of ethics relates to â€Å"right† versus â€Å"wrong† actions. Ethics isRead MoreThe Moral Knowledge Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesMoral knowledge, a tricky subject to grapple with because morals are subjective to everyone. We can’t say whether one is right or w rong, as the truth behind that knowledge is not determined. Since we can’t surely know what we say is right or wrong, is it ok to experiment with ideas that might not be determined to be right at that time? History has proven that the concepts of right and wrong are able to change over time. David Hume has much to say about the development of moral knowledge as he createsRead MoreJohn Adams Speech Analysis1587 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Adams is portrayed in the John Adams miniseries as a man with a strong moral compass, someone who prioritizes rights and trusts national institutions to enforce them. Although overshadowed by the more passionate revolutionaries, such as Thomas Jefferson with â€Å"his aura and his glamour,† he is driven by a sense of moral duty and acts as a stable backbone to the revolutionary cause.1 This obligation to the institutions that defend human rights shapes the tone of his closing remarks in John AdamsRead MoreCompare And Contrast Aquinas V irtuous Man And Passions1350 Words   |  6 Pagesvirtuous man and passions discussed by St. Thomas Aquinas, one argument, in particular, stands out for its agreement with the philosophical view of the Stoics. While Aquinas is a prominent Catholic philosopher and theologian known for his argumentative style of defending and teaching Catholic doctrine as well as providing insightful and compelling outlooks regarding ethical matters, the Stoics are known for their staunch and what can be perceived as restrictive views on emotions, passions, and mattersRead MoreHow St. Thomas Aquinas s Teachings Have Affected Me1181 Words   |  5 Pagesyears after his death. St. Thomas Aquinas has influenced my personal morals and ethics through his teachings on prudence and temperance. First way by which St. Thomas Aquinas has developed my understanding of moral living is his outline of prudence. This virtue, he describes as of the natural or cardinal virtues, those that pertain to happiness in life that can be found within human nature. This virtue is meant to help one life a moral and virtuous life, growing ever closer to the good that is God. StRead MoreImmanuel Kant And Kant On Morality1097 Words   |  5 PagesHume. Immanuel Kant had many theories throughout his philosophical time. Here are some of his ethical works, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), the Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and the Metaphysics of Morals (1797), which contains both â€Å"the Doctrine of Right† and â€Å"the Doctrine of Virtue.† He also had some other works of importance to his moral philosophy including the Critique of the Power of Judgment (1790), Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason (1793), and Anthropology fromRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilga mesh Essay991 Words   |  4 Pagesinstructions that shape the epic’s characters are very much applicable to our current lives. Messages like: the importance of perseverance, that drive that pushes you to excel, the down side of sexual passion when not tempered, and how we need to keep our pride under control, not letting it cloud our judgement. These principled themes, among others, are clearly visible to the eyes of the audience. The epic of Gilgamesh exhibits a beautiful look at what a person with strong perseverance had do. The factRead MoreThe Theory Of Moral Sentiments987 Words   |  4 Pagesand economist, released that the original morality principle was not suitable for that society anymore, and it needed to build another new theory system to suit the developing society. He wrote two masterpieces that proposed his ideas: The Theory of Moral Sentiments, which discusses the human development by analysing the human emotion, and The Wealth of Nations, which summarises the development of capitalism and it is also a foundation for today’s economy. This essay will analyse the self-interest,Read MoreDavid Hume’s an Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals Essay709 Words   |  3 Pagesperceptions. If truth is understood as the adequacy between the image and the object, then it is impossible to infer that there is a true world of objects since the only evidence. From this fundamental point, human reason loses its contingency in moral issues and decision making, letting feelings come to the first place. Hume emphasises the utility of knowledge as opposed to its correctness and suggests that morality begins with feeling rather than thought. In this case, Hume also believes that sympathyRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Charismatic Leadership913 Words   |  4 Pagesthe same achievement can create a stronger sense of togetherness and unity. The visionary way to lead can lead to better results because it ignites people’s passion. It’s hard to be a charismatic leader without strong convictions and therefore, the leader is passionate about getting things done. As many entrepreneurs tend to say, â€Å"it’s the passion that gets you up every morning†. In addition to the passionate approach to doing things, charismatic leadership also encourages risk-taking and thinking outside

Living and Dining Room Furniture Free Essays

Living and Dining Room Furniture Issues in the Market The vast majority of households struggle with storage issues. Furthermore, two fifths (42%) find it difficult to source the right size furniture for their home, while over a third (36%) struggle to store/display their possessions. This frustration with lack of space creates significant scope for new clever and flexible storage innovations in living/dining room furniture. We will write a custom essay sample on Living and Dining Room Furniture   or any similar topic only for you Order Now Q: How does smaller housing stock affect demand for living/dining room furniture? A: By 2017, the number of one- and two-person households is projected to increase by 850,000. Demand for space-efficient living/dining room furniture is therefore likely to intensify during the coming years. For example, in 2013, IKEA is launching its Uppleva modular range in the UK, which has integrated smart TV, video/Blu-ray and DVD players, wireless internet systems and the different components can be tailored to fit requirements and/or the space available. Mintel’s research for this report shows that the vast majority of households struggle with storage issues. Furthermore, two fifths (42%) find it difficult to source the right size furniture for their home, while over a third (36%) struggle to store/display their possessions. This frustration with lack of space creates significant scope for new clever and flexible storage innovations. Q: How are companies leveraging the ‘stay at home’ trend? A: The living room has become a home entertainment hub with seating arrangements serving as part of the ‘movie’ experience, for example incorporating home comforts such as built-in fridges, cup holders and reclining seats. There is increasing connectivity between furniture and mobile devices. In April 2012, La-Z-Boy’s Gizmo range includes Bluetooth music control and speakers. CSL’s Sound Sofa offers built-in docking facilities for iPods and music speakers while the DFS Audio Sofas feature an entertainment dock for iPod/iPhone/MP3, with built-in speakers and a sub-woofer. Neil Mason Head of Retail Research nmason@mintel. com Tel: +44 (0) 20 7606 4533    © 2013 Mintel Group Ltd. All rights reserved. Confidential to Mintel. Neil manages the teams that produce the European Retail Reports. Neil joined Mintel in 1995 and previously worked as Head of Fashion/Beauty and Personal Care/Household, and Head of UK Retail. Before joining Mintel, he worked in the food and publishing industries. He has a BSc in Business Studies/Marketing. Living and Dining Room Furniture Issues in the Market Since home ownership won’t become a reality for many younger consumers, investing in a home digital system that can be moved (and built up over time) is an important consideration. The internet has become an integral part of buying living/dining room furniture, with almost half of respondents browsing online before making a purchase. This compares to 30% who like to browse catalogues before buying. Q: How important is property churn to the living/dining room market? A: In Mintel’s research for this report, less than one in five respondents (18%) said that they bought living/dining room furniture when they last moved house/set up home. A similar proportion bought after redecorating/extending their living/dining room (19%) or just to get a new look/style (19%). So fluctuations in the housing market are significant but not the only driver of new purchases. The primary reason for buying living/dining room furniture is when items get worn out or broken (51% agree). It is competing for share of household goods spend and moving forward the emphasis should be on the pleasure derived from creating an inviting home environment. Women are in the driving seat when it comes to this type of furniture purchase rationalisation, with 79% saying the look/style of their living/dining room is important, compared to 64% of men. We can therefore expect to see a greater focus on targeting women using emotive triggers such as family, status among peers, self-indulgence etc. Q: How important is multichannel retailing to living/dining room furniture? A: The internet has become an integral part of buying living/dining room furniture, with almost half of respondents browsing online before making a purchase. This compares to 30% who like to browse catalogues before buying. At the same time, bricks-and-mortar showrooms offer clear advantages to consumers who prefer to ‘try before they buy’ (54%) and to those who ppreciate helpful and knowledgeable staff, important to over two thirds of potential shoppers (69%). Modern retailers are harnessing the advantages of all channels, for example creating augmented reality mobile phone apps, launching mobileoptimised websites, increasing in-store theatre and modernising product catalogues. Greater focus on e-commerce is seeing many of the larger retailers rational ising their store portfolio and introducing smaller store formats, while relying more on digital channels to facilitate wider product ranges, style inspiration and achieve greater geographical reach. Websites are becoming more content-rich, thus improving the online experience, similarly many retailers are investing in their stores, enhancing the physical shopper experience. Therefore the two channels are increasingly working in tandem with one another, creating more convenience and flexibility for the consumer.  © 2013 Mintel Group Ltd. All rights reserved. Confidential to Mintel. Living and Dining Room Furniture Issues in the Market The year 2012 saw these trends pick up pace as the non-specialist retailers grew their market share. Q: What are retailers doing to reduce consumer preoccupation with price? A: Promotional tactics risk becoming tired and ineffective as consumers become immune to the steady stream of promotional campaigns. Several retailers are using emotional triggers to inspire consumers to invest in their home by projecting aspirational lifestyles and communicating a different set of value benchmarks. Some 86% of respondents cite good quality as important to their choice of furniture retailer, whereas a wide choice of styles, quick/flexible delivery and promotions/discounts also gain the same level of response. Retailers are adopting diverse and innovative tactics to detract from price-based promotions, ranging from greater online customisation of styles/colours/fabrics, highlighting softer attributes such as provenance, heritage and ethics eg Britishmade furniture, adding new exclusive brands to the mix such as Habitat (Homebase), French Connection (DFS), Jasper Conran (MS) or introducing new own-brands which are less open to direct price comparison, or offering speedy delivery (eg CSL’s 72-hour express delivery service). While price-based promotions remain vital to driving footfall in-store, industry trends reveal more multi-layered strategies taking shape such as express delivery times, greater scope for customisation of design and making different channels work in harmony rather than in competition with each other eg in-store vs online. Promotional tactics risk becoming tired and ineffective as consumers become immune to the steady stream of promotional campaigns. Several retailers are using emotional triggers to inspire consumers to invest in their home by projecting aspirational lifestyles and communicating a different set of value benchmarks. How to cite Living and Dining Room Furniture  , Essay examples

The Pathway of my Career Essay Example For Students

The Pathway of my Career Essay I decided early on to devote my life to helping people with disabilities be recognized by who they are, not by how they appear. Education opens unexpected doors and I decided that I would use this pathway to my advantage. I enrolled in college, planning to become an instructor. Perhaps I could help by educating them, one class at a time. I quickly came to learn of the advancement in adaptive technology. Technology was meeting the needs of individuals with disabilities like never before. Obstacles were being removed so that an individuals talent could finally be expressed despite their disability. I decided that an ideal way to alter societys view was through educating the individuals with the disability, themselves. My major is educational technology. My goal is to be a vehicle through which persons with disabilities can come to know the wonders that technology has to offer them. In society, the group with the greatest amount of status, has the most power and people strive to be identified with that group. Within the walls of where I work, the very same people who do not want us to put students in what society considers a negative class of people are guilty of participating in the same behavior with their own professional hierarchy. At our campus, anyone who is anyone is either a classified staff member, or a faculty member. However, between those two groups, faculty is where you really want to be. I was never aware of the severity of this separation until I became fulltime. It was then that I moved up the ranks from part time to full time and all of the sudden received respect from people who never noticed me before. But I was only classified staff, not faculty! I now know, no matter how much status you think your group has, there is always a group who has more status than yours.

Different Styles of Child Rearing Across the Globe

Introduction Although children have similar growth and development patterns, different parents across the world employ different parenting styles due to differences in cultural beliefs, values, and practices.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Different Styles of Child Rearing Across the Globe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Differences in cultural beliefs, values, and practices are responsible for cross-cultural differences in parenting styles that significantly influence how children grow and develop in various societal environments. Across the globe, children usually receive parental care from parents, family members, friends, neighbors and caregivers, who have a significant impact on the lives of children. Given that family is the basic unity of society, parenting styles impose cultural factors of the society onto children. Keller, Voelker, and Yovsi (2005) argue that, across the globe, parents have sp ecified beliefs and practices of parenting based on ethno-theories that elucidate parenting, nature of children, and their development into mature adults (p.158). Hence, ethno-theories of parenting are responsible for different in styles of parenting across all cultures in the globe. Thus, the existence of different races and ethnicities across the world implies that, parents employ different styles of parenting, or children experience varied styles of parenting according to cultural beliefs, values, and practices.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Problem Statement Style of parenting is critical in determining growth and development of children. Given that parenting styles that parents employ in rearing their children particularly at their ages of early childhood have a significant impact on growth and development, it is critical for parents to employ appropriate parenting st yle. Although children virtually undergo the same process of growth and development, parenting styles across the world are not similar because parents have different beliefs, values, and practices that depend on their cultural background. Therefore, it means that cultural beliefs, values, and practices considerably influence parenting styles and consequently determine growth and development of children in various cultures across the world. Objective of the Study The objective of the study is to establish if different parental styles exist in American society due to influences diverse cultural backgrounds of parents. Given that American society is truly cosmopolitan, the study seeks to establish if African, Israel, Russian, and French families that live in United States employ same parenting styles. To achieve its objective, the study will explore the sizes of different families, in terms of numbers of children and existence of other members, in case of extended families. Moreover, t he study will examine responsibility of parents, family members, and caregivers in rearing children during their childhood period.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Different Styles of Child Rearing Across the Globe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To examine cultural, social, and economic aspects of the families, the study will examine the nature of the surrounding community, professions of parents, forms of recreational activities, stable diet of the family, and roles that children play in the family. After gathering enough information regarding target families, the study will compare and contrast different cultural beliefs, values, and practices with the objective of establishing differences in parenting styles. Hypothesis of the Study The study hypothesizes that although families may be living in common society, cultural beliefs, values and practices attributed to different races and ethnicities signi ficantly determine parenting styles that parents employ in rearing their kids. Thus, since American society is cosmopolitan, different families employ different parenting styles that suit their respective cultural beliefs, values, and practices. Scope of the Study The study will examine parenting styles of four families that have different ethnicities and races. Due to ethnical and racial differences, the study will explore different parameters within each family such as the number of children, professions of parents, nature of neighborhood community, presence of caregivers, and family lifestyles under which children are living. Specifically, the study will explore how parents bring up their children in terms of the extent of breast feeding, common diets that family eat, toilet training, form of punishment, and favorite games that families encourage their children to play.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given that parenting styles across ages vary, the study will examine parenting styles that parents employ in rearing children during their childhood ages. Hence, the study will not examine parenting styles that parents employ in rearing children who are beyond childhood ages. Moreover, the study limits its studies to four families that have different races or ethnicities. Importance of the Study Establishment of different parental styles that exist in the American society is notable, for it gives a reflection of how different families across the globe utilize different parenting styles, in rearing their children during their childhood ages. As children have common growth and development pattern, establishment of disparity in parenting style is essential because it will offer robust explanation regarding differential growth and development of children. Since ethnicities and races make parents cherish unique beliefs, values, and practices concerning parenting, examination of parenting from a cultural perspective is imperative in understanding and enhancing principles of parenting among various cultures. Thus, the study will give an insight into existence of different parenting styles due to ethnical and racial differences in parenting beliefs, values, and practices. Literature Review Parenting style is particularly influential in childhood growth and development because it significantly influences how children mature into adults. Since parenting style is critical in rearing children, sociologists and psychologists have formulated numerous theories and parenting styles that parents can use in bringing up their children. To understand the influence of society and family on growth and development of children, sociologists and psychologists have established that, cultural beliefs and practices play a considerable role in determining how children mature. Currently, it is evident that when parents interact with their children during parenting, they impose cultural bel iefs, practices, values, and behavior onto children, thus influencing how they grow and develop in a complex society that is cosmopolitan. Tajima and Harachi (2010) argue that, ethnic culture has significance influence on parenting since beliefs and practices of child rearing emanate from cultural knowledge that people inherit from one generation and pass into another generation (p.213). Thus, cultural beliefs, values, and practices form the basis of child rearing in different families across the globe. Despite the fact that there is acculturation due to migration of families and adaptation of new social environments, ethnical and racial beliefs, values, and practices take precedence. For instance, although the United States is a cosmopolitan society, beliefs, values, and practices that dominate parenting originate from ethnical and racial backgrounds of parents. In essence, parenting style depends more on racial and ethnical backgrounds of parents than on beliefs, values, and pract ices of a cosmopolitan society. According to Kagitcibasi (2005), interdependence and relatedness are key elements in a family that determines relationships between parents and children (p.410). In a parenting model, three types of interactions exist within a family level. The first interaction is a conventional family where parenting depends on material and emotional satisfaction of children. The second interaction involves relationships and interdependence of children and parents, while the third interaction entails psychological and material interdependence of consecutive generations. Hence, it means that cultural beliefs, values, and practices are central in determining family interactions and subsequently influence parenting. Comparative studies indicate that parenting styles differ from one society to another due to the difference in ethnical or racial beliefs, values, and practices of parents. In cultural society, families operate under the influence of opposing forces of coll ectivism versus individualism and dependence versus independence amongst others forces that regulate how society and family function. Resolution of opposing forces determines the orientation of the family to specified ethno-theories, which are applicable in parenting. According to Keller, Voelker, and Yovsi (2005), a study conducted to examine conception of parenting by Nso and German women indicates that Nso women prefer body stimulation and body contact, while German women favor face-to-face, as systems of parenting (p.173). The difference in their styles of parenting emanate from the fact that Nso women have interdependent culture while German women have independence culture. This confirms that cultural backgrounds profoundly influence how parents employ parenting styles in rearing their children. Many psychological theories hold that parents influence how their children grow and develop in a complex society with varied cultural forces. Ideally, parents act as a link between soci ety and children in that children receive societal beliefs, values, and practices from their parents. Application of parenting styles such as authoritarian, authoritative and permissive relies on racial and ethnical backgrounds of parents. Moreover, application of parenting style depends on individuals attributes, family and individuals experiences in parenting, behavior of a child and social context that family lives. Keshavarz and Baharudin (2009) argue that, since diverse cultural backgrounds influence parenting styles, cultural orientations of individualism and collectivism determine how parents response to societal beliefs, values, and practices in the process of acculturation (p.68). Hence, collectivism cultures and individualism cultures have a different impact on parenting styles that parents use in rearing their children. Therefore, literature review has shown that different cultural beliefs, values, and practices influence how parents rear their children. Introduction Sinc e the objective of the study is to determine if diverse cultural backgrounds are responsible for differences in parenting styles that parents employ in bringing up their children, the study will examine parenting styles in four families. The four families emanate from various regions around the globe, and they have different racial and ethnical backgrounds. Thus, analysis of parenting styles in four families provides significant information that is essential in ascertaining influence of cultural background on parenting styles. Research Design The study is qualitative determination of parenting styles that families with different cultural backgrounds use in rearing their children during childhood ages. To gather significant information regarding parenting styles among the four families, the study employs open questionnaires. Open questionnaires are advantageous because they give parents, who are the subjects of the study, freedom to provide ample information regarding their families. To collect appropriate information, researchers will administer open questionnaires by interviewing parents from respective families and record relevant responses in questionnaires for further analysis. Subjects of study emanate from four families with different racial and ethnical backgrounds, thus enabling researchers to collect variable data regarding parenting styles. Thus, researchers will collect data from each family by administering open questionnaires and recording appropriate data regarding parenting styles. Sampling of Subjects Since the study seeks to determine whether different cultural backgrounds are responsible for diverse parenting styles that parents utilize in rearing their children, the study selects four families with different ethnical and racial backgrounds. Thus, first interviewee should be an American with French background as an ethnical or racial background. A French parent will provide information concerning parenting styles that French parents employ wh en rearing their children. The second interviewee need to be a black American with South African background to provide parenting styles, which black Africans use in bringing up their kids. Black American is essential in understanding how Africans rear their children during childhood. The third interviewee must be an American Jew with Israeli background. An American Jew will provide parenting styles that Israeli families utilize in bringing up their children. Ultimately, the fourth interviewee should be an American with Russian background to provide parenting styles that Russian families employ in rearing their children. Overall, the four interviewees will give an insight of how parenting styles vary across the world due to ethnical and racial backgrounds of parents. Interview Questions The researchers will administer open questionnaires containing the following questions: Age? Gender? Race? Nationality? Ethnicity? Do you have children? If yes, how many? How old are/is your children /child? After your child/children was/were born, did you experience depression or some extent of sadness or anger? Explain. Who lives in your home? What kind of work do the parents of the child/children do? Does either parent/guardian stay home with the child/children? Does/do your child/children attend daycare or school? Does/do your child/children get interaction outside of the mother/father figures? Is your child around other children his/her own age? If yes, how often? Do you live in a close-knit community? Explain. Do you live in a distant community? Explain. Did you breast-feed your child/children? If yes for how long? If yes, is that common in your community? What does your child’s/children’s diets consist of? At what age was your child toilet-trained? Do you allow your child/children to help you with daily activities? If child is not old enough, will you allow him/her to as he/she ages? Can you explain the sleeping arrangements of your child/children? Can you d iscuss what your child/children does/do for entertainment? Can you describe punishment in your household? When your child/children is/are sick, how do you react? Data Collection and Processing The researchers identified four parents who had different cultural backgrounds from across the globe and administered open questionnaires by interviewing them. The questionnaires have twenty questions that satisfactorily seek pertinent information about the families in that, when analyzed, it will give robust data that is critical to determining parenting styles, which parents employ in rearing their children. To enhance the validity of the data, researchers approached the subjects and assured them that information they give would be confidential. Moreover, the researchers assured them that information is relevant for search purpose; hence, no need for them to offer their real identities in terms of names. To interview them, researchers visited the subjects at their respective homes during th e weekend when they had ample time for interviews. Results Questionnaires administered showed that researchers interviewed two male and two female subjects from diverse ethnical and racial backgrounds across the globe. The first subject is Mary, an American woman aged 38 years and having French background. Mary has Canadian nationality but currently lives in United States where she works. She has two children, 4-year-old son, and 8-month-old daughter. For more details, see her questionnaire at appendix A. The second subject is David, an American man who is aged 40 years. David is a black African with cultural background of South of African. He has four children, 6 and 12 year-old sons and 2 and 8 year old daughters. David lives together with his family and grandmother. See his questionnaire at appendix B. The third subject is Catherine, an American woman aged 32 years but having Israeli background. Catherine is a Jew with one child, a 2-year-old daughter. She lives in a nuclear fami ly. Questionnaire three, in appendix C, gives more of her details. The fourth subject is Smith, an American man who is aged 34 years with Russian background. Smith is an Asian with 2 children, a 5-year-old daughter, and 1 year-old son. He lives together with his family and his cousin sister. See appendix D for his questionnaire. Data Analysis Comparative analysis of questionnaires indicates that parenting styles that the subjects apply in rearing their children are different due to differences in their ethnical and racial backgrounds. In the four families, there are differences in number of children that families have and existence of other relatives within the family. Kagitcibasi (2005) argues that, independence and autonomy of a child depends on family interactions (p.411). Therefore, it indicates that, interaction of children with other people differs from one family to another. While Mary and Catherine live in a nuclear family, Smith and David live in an extended family; thus, i t means that children experience different parenting styles. Moreover, Questionnaires indicate that parents train their children toileting at different ages. While Mary and David train their children at age of three years, Catherine trains her kid at two years while Smith trains his children at the age of four. Children in respective families eat different diets that differentially affect their growth and development. Moreover, different families have varied social economic activities that enable them to rear their children well. All families seem to provide exceptional sleeping arrangements for their kids and offer them opportunity to play and interact effectively with neighbors. However, each family has its own worries concerning accessibility of medical services. While Mary and David do not worry when their children are sick, Catherine and Smith feel worried because they cannot access pediatrician quite easily. Another difference in families is connectedness to community. While C atherine seems to live in isolation, Mary, David and Smith live a community where they associate with their neighbors. According to Tajima and Harachi (2010), cultural beliefs, duration of residence, socioeconomic status, and acculturation are determinants of parenting styles, which immigrants use in rearing their children (p.411). Hence, from questionnaires, it is evident that cultural background of Catherine favors individualism orientation while cultural backgrounds of Mary, David, and Smith favor collectivism orientation. Conclusion The study has demonstrated that cultural backgrounds of parents influence parenting styles that parents employ in bringing up their children. Since the study examinees parents who have ethnical or racial backgrounds such as French, African, Russian, and Israeli, analysis of information in questionnaires has indicated that, the families employed parenting styles, which suit their cultural beliefs, values, and practices. Hence, the study confirms that although American society is cosmopolitan, different families use different parenting styles according to their cultural beliefs, values, and practices. References Kagitcibasi, C. (2005). Autonomy and Relatedness in Cultural Context. Implication for Self and Family. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(4), 403-422. Keller, H., Voelker, S., Yovsi, D. (2005). Conceptions of Parenting in Different Cultural Communities: The Case of West African Nso and Northern German Women. Social Development, 14(1), 158-179. Keshavarz, S., Baharudin, R. (2009). Parenting Style in a Collectivist Culture of Malaysia. European Journal of Social Sciences, 10(1), 66-73. Tajima, E., Harachi, T. (2010). Parenting Beliefs and Physical Discipline Practices Among South Asian Immigrants: Parenting in the Context of Cultural Adaptation to the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(2), 212-235. This research paper on Different Styles of Child Rearing Across the Globe was written and submitted by user Aylin Mason to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on MySportTraining

This report was done using Microsoft Word 2000. When I first saw the title of the article â€Å"Stay Fit with MySportTraining† I expected that the article would be about some new kind of fitness program where I would learn how to increase my speed, endurance, strength, etc. for sports but as I started to read the article I realized it had nothing to do with increasing speed, strength, or endurance it was about a computer program made for Windows Powered Handheld or Pocket PC that keeps track of your workout progress. The author John D. Ottini explains in the introduction paragraph just who the product is made by (Expose Corp.) and what exactly the product does. â€Å"The program provides support for both strength, and cardiovascular (aerobic) exercises. If you activity is not include among the 30-plus supported workouts, you can create your own custom activity†. The first paragraph in his next section of the article John D. Ottini explains what you would see when you first start up the program, â€Å"When you start MySportTarining you are presented with the â€Å"health† section of the main screen†. His next few paragraphs go into more of an overview on how to use the program and what he thinks would make the program a little better In the Month, Report, and Graphic Views portion of the article he sums up what the Month, Report, and Graphic views display. â€Å"The Month view displays a calender with icons indicating each day you’ve trained, the activity, and the duration of the workout†, â€Å"The Report view lets you create a list of workouts for one day, week, or month or for any range of dates†. â€Å"The Graphic view displays your workout data in bar charts and line graphs†. In John D. Ottini’s last paragraph he not only goes on to explain how that his overview of the program doesn’t even begin to cover all the great features in MySportTraining but also he tells us what the program is available on and the prices. â€Å"MySportTrai... Free Essays on MySportTraining Free Essays on MySportTraining This report was done using Microsoft Word 2000. When I first saw the title of the article â€Å"Stay Fit with MySportTraining† I expected that the article would be about some new kind of fitness program where I would learn how to increase my speed, endurance, strength, etc. for sports but as I started to read the article I realized it had nothing to do with increasing speed, strength, or endurance it was about a computer program made for Windows Powered Handheld or Pocket PC that keeps track of your workout progress. The author John D. Ottini explains in the introduction paragraph just who the product is made by (Expose Corp.) and what exactly the product does. â€Å"The program provides support for both strength, and cardiovascular (aerobic) exercises. If you activity is not include among the 30-plus supported workouts, you can create your own custom activity†. The first paragraph in his next section of the article John D. Ottini explains what you would see when you first start up the program, â€Å"When you start MySportTarining you are presented with the â€Å"health† section of the main screen†. His next few paragraphs go into more of an overview on how to use the program and what he thinks would make the program a little better In the Month, Report, and Graphic Views portion of the article he sums up what the Month, Report, and Graphic views display. â€Å"The Month view displays a calender with icons indicating each day you’ve trained, the activity, and the duration of the workout†, â€Å"The Report view lets you create a list of workouts for one day, week, or month or for any range of dates†. â€Å"The Graphic view displays your workout data in bar charts and line graphs†. In John D. Ottini’s last paragraph he not only goes on to explain how that his overview of the program doesn’t even begin to cover all the great features in MySportTraining but also he tells us what the program is available on and the prices. â€Å"MySportTrai...

Soil concentration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Soil concentration - Essay Example High concentrations of Cl- destabilize membranes and denatured proteins, which is toxic for plants through soil degradation (Huang 17). Due to the decreased water permeability and porosity, it leads to water deficit in plant’s leaves. This inhibits metabolism and plant growth, hence making Cl- harmful to plants. It leads to misplacement of Ca2+ from cell wall and reducing the latter’s activity occurring on the apoplast, reducing salinity balance in plasma membrane. Increase in CL- and Na+ in the membrane can block the detoxification process (Huang 74). However, there are some soil tolerant plants, commonly referred to as halophytes, which have a higher endurance than the less tolerance ones (glycophyte) (Huang 75). Salinity of soils in natural environments is mainly caused by the upstream movement of seawater to rivers, which supply plants with water. However in far inland places, natural seepage occurs from geologic marine deposits that wash salt into surrounding areas. Transpiration and evaporation can also extract water through vapor, leading to an increase in soil solution. It is also possible for water droplets that move from the ocean to disperse and later evaporate, causing salinity. Therefore, the distance to saline water from a sidewalk differs and is determined by assorted factors (Levy, Guy, Pinchas

American Education is Failing (High School) Research Paper

American Education is Failing (High School) - Research Paper Example This is having a negative affect on students. They listen to too much music and much of it sends them the wrong message about how they should live their lives. Some of the most famous and popular musical artists today use excessive swearing, glorify drugs and promiscious sex, and, in their personal lives, set a bad example for young people. These are serious concerns that policymakers do not pay enough attention to. Students sometimes listen to their iPods when they should be listening to their teacher. Their money and savings are being wasted on music that is offensive and setting a bad example for them. Another serious media problem in our world today is cyber bullying. It is one that is becoming increasingly difficult to handle. It occurs in hundreds of different formats in the Internet world via – Skype, email, photograph, video, YouTube, MSN, Facebook, chat rooms, MySpace, etc. With all of these different transportation modes for online bullying it is extremely hard to mo nitor. There have been several suicides that have been directly linked to cyber bullying via social networking sites such as Facebook. In these social networking sites individuals have the ability to victimize their subjects in dozens of ways (Campbell, 70). They can set up group bullying sites that target an individual, post rude comments on their walls, and tag them in incriminating photographs. The act can spread from one person to hundreds of people in a matter of seconds. There is often a divide between in-person bullying and cyber bullying. Many subjects that partake in cyber-bullying would never do it in person. They are aware of the etiquette that goes along with interacting in the real world yet fail to recognize the same etiquette in the cyber world. In the Internet world individuals face a disconnect. They do not see their victim nor do they have the opportunity to see their emotions. Individuals often forget that they are dealing with a real live human being

Evidence Base Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evidence Base Nursing - Essay Example From this study it is clear that  Ms Ward has the ethical responsibility of making sure that the subjects or participants are not exposed to any kind of harm, direct or indirect when the research is being conducted. She bears the responsibility of safe guarding the subjects and patients from any kind of harm including physical, social, mental, spiritual and financial.This paper outlines that in the given scenario above, it seems logical to increase the costs of the study than compromise the quality of the data. In case Ms. Ward does have and can use some funds allocated to the study and research, by having nurse to go to the homes of these men for the collection of data and samples. Burdens and benefits should be distributed fairly and looking at the plight of these old and troubled men, it seems only fair that their burdens are reduced. Since all these patients do not appear to be well off, Ms Ward should ask for a change in protocol and get permission for a nurse to visit these m en for the collection of samples and data.  From the case study above, it is apparent that the group of male subjects belongs to â€Å"vulnerable population†, â€Å"those unable or incapable of giving informed consent or those who may be at high risk for unintended consequences†.  The men are undergoing chemotherapy and their disease has progressed and can be categorized as â€Å"terminally ill persons†.  It is Ms Ward’s ethical duty to carefully weigh the risks and benefits of the research with this vulnerable group.... Nurses may play distinct roles including those of researchers, data collectors, managers, practitioners or any third party witnessing research activity (The Royal College of Nursing Research Society: nurses and research ethics, 2003). Regardless of the role played by nurses, it is essential for them to review their actions and their impact on "vulnerable subjects or participants" (The Royal College of Nursing Research Society: nurses and research ethics, 2003). This paper aims to analyze a specific ethical concern faced by a nurse responsible for collecting data from a subject of elderly males undergoing chemotherapy. Would it be ethical to compromise the quality of the data or to increase the costs of the study Please explain clearly Why As the principle investigator, Ms Ward is familiar with the ethical principles and the human rights of the subject. It is also Ms Ward's responsibility to ensure that appropriate decisions as and when changes are noticed in the condition of the patients while the study is conducted. Ms Ward also bears the responsibility of sharing any important patient related health information with the review board and the protocol committee so that accurate decisions may be taken (American Association of Critical-Care Nurses, Web). Before coming to any strong conclusion, it is important to judge the scenario presented in the case above. The trial is funded by millions of dollars every year Patients are severely ill and are receiving chemotherapy The disease has progressed The men are elderly and have difficulty in moving around Before all else, Ms Ward has the ethical responsibility of making sure that the subjects

Climate Change Impacts On Plankton In Oceans Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change Impacts On Plankton In Oceans Environmental Sciences Essay Plankton are pelagic organisms as primary production providing food for marine mammals and commercially important fish. However, nowadays, it is widely accepted that global warming is occurring, and it is inevitable to impact on the marine pelagic realm. Any decline or increase in abundance, growth and trophic efficiency of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities will lead to decline or increase in higher tropic levels, even the entire ecosystems. The only way to reduce these effects is to reduce CO2 emissions to atmosphere. Further, the consideration of research should be including long-term changes in plankton biomass and community structure. Plankton are organisms that have limited locomotive ability relative to the water where they live. These organisms are ranging in size from viruses to large jellyfish. In tropical scale, plankton communities are highly diverse, containing organisms from almost all phyla and families. Furthermore, these organisms use their environment, its resources, and each other, in a wide variety of ways. The way to classify planktonic organisms is based on their size, which affects sinking, light utilization, mobility and tropic status. In addition, they have particular functional roles (grazers and nitrogen-fixers) in the ecosystem as well (McKinnon et al. 2007). However, nowadays, more and more marine scientists have paid attention on climate change which has strong impacts on these organisms in the ocean. For example, increased water temperature and ocean acidification have impacts on those tiny organisms in biological and physical ways (Richardson et al. 2004; Riebesell et al. 2000; Beaugrand et al. 2003; Lynam et al. 2005). The role of plankton in the ocean Phytoplankton account for approximately half the global primary production Richardson et al. 2004), and consequently play an important role in cycling of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Micro- and Macrozooplankton are the basis of food webs supporting oceanic and many coastal fisheries (Richardson et al. 2004). In addition, they are also playing an important role in linking pelagic and benthic environment (McKinnon et al. 2007). Critical factors regulating plankton communities To date, a number of studies have demonstrated that the abundance and growth of plankton are affected by several climate stressors that will respond to climate change, including water temperature, ocean chemistry, light, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and nutrient enrichment (McKinnon et al. 2007). Although there are still having a limited understanding of how climate change will affect planktonic organisms, more studies have done that trying to find out profound meaning. Vulnerability Planktonic organisms all have short life cycles: hours to days for phytoplankton, seven to ten days for copepods, and weeks to months for macrozooplankton. This means that plankton respond quickly to changes in their physical environment. Therefore, they respond more rapidly than longer-lived animals such as fish, and mammals (McKinnon et al. 2007). Changes in water temperature All plankton are poikilothermic. A number of studies have shown that plankton growth rate, abundance, distribution, and timing of bloom are all influenced by temperature (Beaugrand et al. 2002; Edwards and Richardson 2004; Kirby et al. 2007; Richardson and Schoeman 2004). Besides, studies have shown that plankton species changes in temperature are more likely to directly affect metabolic processes rather than the whole community biomass, especially if plankton communities are resource limited. Moreover, changes in phytoplankton community composition and productivity will have flow-on effects on the productivity of zooplankton grazers (McKinnon et al. 2007). Ocean acidification and increased dissolved CO2 The direct effect of ocean acidification on zooplankton will be to dissolve their shells, increasing shell maintenance costs and reducing growth (Hallegraeff 1984). Furthermore, the declining pH may also change the growth rates of photosynthetic organisms. This means changes in pH will affect nutrient taking and thus alter rates of growth and photosynthesis (McKinnon et al. 2007). Changes may also occur in phytoplankton cell composition, which could affect their nutritional value for higher trophic levels (Richardson et al. 2004). Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) Studies have found that UVR impacts growth, mobility, and the relative dominance of many phytoplanktonic organisms (McKinnon et al. 2007). These effects compromise the ability of phytoplankton to adapt to changing environmental conditions (Hader and Hader 1989; Hader and Liu 1990). They also result in changes in cellular elemental stoichometry including increased cellular carbon content and decreased chlorophyll content (Hessen et al 1997). Further, in large-scale, UVR can cause changes in phytoplankton community structure because small cells are more prone to effects of UVR than large cells, and have comparatively high metabolic costs to screen out damaging UVR (Raven and Gilmartin 1982). Consequently, these negative effects of such changing can propagate to zooplankton (Keller et al. 1997). Linkages with other ecosystem components Some studies have shown that any decline or increase in abundance, growth and trophic efficiency of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities that is influenced by climate change is likely to lead to the decline or increase in higher trophic levels (Hunter 1981; Richardson et al. 2004; McKinnon et al. 2007). For example, fish larvae feed on plankton, and variations in the timing and extent of plankton reproduction could influence patterns of recruitment of fishes and invertebrates (Hunter 1981; Lynam et al. 2005). Management strategies The large-scale oceanographic, weather and climate processes are driving climate change impacting on plankton. Furthermore, due to the enhanced levels of CO2 in the atmosphere and rates of fossil burning, the process of ocean acidification is deterioration inevitable over next several centuries. To re-equilibrate the pH is not practical, and this will take a long time for ocean chemistry to return to a condition before industrial times. The only way to reduce these effects is to reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Conclusion The lack of information on the state of specific regions of plankton communities currently hinders biologists from being able to address the impacts of climate changes on those areas. Therefore, in the future, the consideration should be given to the inclusion of more plankton monitoring sites in that specific region to track long-term changes in plankton biomass and community structure, particularly for those few organisms that are at risk from ocean acidification.

Existents In Alfian Saats Umbrella :: Alfian Saat Umbrella Papers

Existents In Alfian Sa'at's Umbrella In the short story "Umbrella", the author Alfian Sa'at relates the tale of a young Malay Singaporean secondary school student, Hafiz. Alfian uses an older Hafiz as the narrator who recounts his experiences retaking his 'O' levels for the second time. Hafiz tells us about his relationship with Chris, a tuition teacher hired by his father to help him pass his examinations. I feel that "Umbrella" is essentially a story about the imposition of certain norms and standards on members of society. It tells us how students are conscious of the need to fulfill society's notion of success. Through Hafiz's eyes, we are led to see how he is trapped in this system that forces certain standards upon him but yet does not give him the appropriate training and skills to reach the standards. Thus, Hafiz is unable to fit into the identity that he is pressured to accept. We also see how Hafiz himself desires to achieve success as society perceives it, but finally realizes his true identity and comes to terms with it, even though it may not be the norm. However, how does "Umbrella" cause such an effect on the reader? What tools are being utilized in the narrative that can invoke such feelings? I believe that the author uses what Seymour Chatman calls existents to bring out such an effect on readers. Thus, in this essay we will seek to discover how existents, namely charac ter and setting, are employed to draw out such an effect. Firstly, let us look at character. Tzvetan Torodov, a French structuralist, discusses two categories of narrative. He labels them as apsychological and psychological narratives. By apsychological, Torodov means narratives that are plot centered and by psychological, character centered (Chatman 113). Readers can discern that "Umbrella" is essentially psychological in nature. Most of the story takes place in Hafiz's room and is generally presented through the conversations between Hafiz and Chris and through Hafiz's thoughts. There are few characters in this story. We have the protagonist Hafiz and his tuition teacher Chris as the two main leads. Along with them are less important characters such as Hafiz's parents and a certain maths relief teacher. Chatman emphasizes that characters are important to a narrative and they should not be treated as "mere plot functions" (119). As such, these characters must play a crucial role in bringing out the effect of the narrative, and we will seek to decipher how this is done.

Amalise Strategic Management

Running Head: Amalise Strategic Management Name University Course Tutor Date Gauteng Provincial Government is working to the best of its capability with utmost dedication and efficiency to serve the citizens of Gauteng. It demands high performance and competence accompanied by motivation geared with ambition from the various departments it constitutes, to be able to prioritize and fulfill the needs of Gauteng citizens and development of the Gauteng province. The Gauteng Provincial Treasury department handles all the financial matters pertaining to the Provincial Government.It collects, manages and forms strategies to act as guidelines when planning on the usage of revenue contributed by the public. The treasury department works with diligence to ensure government priorities as outlined in a number of documents and key initiatives such as Gauteng Growth and Development Strategy (GDS), The Global City Region (GRC) strategic intent, the shared vision of creating a smart province and as reflected by the innovation programs such as the Blue IQ, Gauteng-online, Gautrain and the Batho Pele principles of delivering high quality services to the citizens of Gauteng are achieved.The treasury also works hand in hand with the provincial departments and municipalities to increase the capacity of financial management, achieve operational efficiency, promote accountability in government, provide strategic leadership and technical support in financial management and budgeting, develop and implement efficient internal systems and processes and provide guidance and leadership in the implementation of financial management reforms for both provincial and local government.To enhance effective and efficient allocation and utilization of fund geared towards fulfilling Gauteng Provincial Government priorities and improving the financial management system, the Provincial Treasury stipulated a statement of purpose to guide it. According to the Gauteng Provincial Treasury five-year strate gic and performance plans for the period 2009-2014 second draft (5th September 2008) the goal of the treasury was, â€Å"to provide sound financial management leadership that maximizes service delivery through effective and efficient use of limited resources in the Gauteng Province† (p.36). The vision of the treasury was, â€Å"to be the pioneer in financial management leadership and fiscal discipline within the public sector in South Africa thus enabling shared economic growth† (p. 37). The Gauteng Provincial Treasury five-year strategic and performance plans for the period 2009-2014 second draft (5th September 2008) states the mission that the Gauteng treasury follows to implement their vision.â€Å"We strive to be an innovative, pro-active and value adding partner to our stakeholders, by: researching and implementing best practice approaches to financial management, enhancing vertical and horizontal alignment in government, promoting and encouraging more informed u nderstanding of the financial management framework, instilling accountability, sound analytical reporting, good enterprise governance and transparency as the norm, ensuring allocative efficiency and optimal utilization of resources facilitating strategic alternative funding solutions thereby supporting an environment of sustainable economic growth and social development† (p.37). The Gauteng Provincial Treasury exhibits reliability and efficiency by performing duties given to them in accordance to the legislative mandate. It ensures the principles it has formed are aligned in accordance to the Batho Pele principles by enabling the provision of technical assistance and analysis, ensuring the spending agencies value the function of money and thus do not misuse the money or misinterpret the role the treasury plays when managing the government’s financial materials.This is done through training programs such as CIBA and SAM. Also the treasury should promoting transparency by publication of their annual reports and budgets through local newspapers, budget statements and MTBPS. The treasury department also ensures the allocation of funds to every department are according to the provincial priorities which include building a competitive Gauteng GCR, implementing Gauteng social GDS and building the capacity and organization of the state.The Gauteng Provincial Treasury being an independent department has a critical role to perform thus needs to be able to motivate the program levels it is working with, to be able to achieve the stipulated goals. The treasury department should be able to plan, organize, have good interpersonal skills and be able to evaluate performance so as to run the duties outlined to it in the most competent and accurate manner (Rees & Porter, 2001).The head of the treasury department was able to show good leadership skills by involving each department in decision making, when reviewing and updating the strategic plan for the period of 2 009-2014, developing medium term tactical plans and outlining the methods to use when evaluating performance of the department after every year. In the period of 2006-2009 the treasury did not fully accomplish some of the roles it played.When formulating the strategic plan for the period of 2009-2014, it discussed ways of overcoming that short fall by improving and adding value to maximize their performance so as be able to raise the living standard of the Gauteng citizens, creating a parallel line between their corporate services function and their core strategies, using internal and external auditors to monitor and evaluate those sent to work in the municipalities to prevent creation of too much dependency which may bring undesirable outcome, interns and the credibility of their data.The results the auditors present should be discussed and the solutions given implemented to lay a competent foundation of performing duties in the most qualified way. The treasury department should fo rm a partnership with the Chief Financial officer (CFO) and professional bodies to enable it function in a reliable manner towards achieving the department’s vision. The treasury should work with the CFO working for Gauteng Provincial Treasury to be able to evaluate the performance of the department in reference to achieving the department’s vision.It should also liaise with other CFO’s to gain more knowledge and tactics of performing the role it has defined to fulfill the department’s vision. Strategies of communicating with other departments in the Provincial Treasury must be improved, to enable full understanding of the duties they perform. For the treasury department to set a good trend of performing the roles given, to enable the Gauteng Provincial Government achieve the goals it promised the citizens of Gauteng, unqualified municipalities should be fired.This means that the treasury should review its strategy of staffing to ensure that it has a qual ity staff in the right quantity. It should design KSAOs (knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics of the organization) that it will use when staffing, to employ qualified and competent people who will work to the maximum of their capability to improve the overall performance of the treasury department. This will place the department in a better position to perform their duties according the preference and priority of the Gauteng citizens.The head of department in the Gauteng Provincial Treasury should have an ambition that drives him, so as to plan and organize the various departments under his disposal and the duties to be carried out by each department in an efficient way. He should have a power of influence and inspiration so as to win the trust of the subordinate leaders by leading the department in an appropriate manner that will accomplish their vision. The HOD should also be innovative and posses qualities of being able to implement and develop the ideas that ha ve come up and those that existed.This will enable excellent performance and smooth running of the treasury department and thus demolish the foundation of the risks that the Gauteng treasury department faced (Caroselli, 2000). By adopting the right staffing strategies the Gauteng treasury will have competent and qualified staff members that will be able to understand any policy or strategy formed for them to implement as they perform their duties, this will prevent the problem of under and over staffing, lack of motivation and good guidance to the staff and poor management in the departments (Rees & Porter, 2001).For instance due to poor strategies of staffing the Gauteng treasury was unable to implement the strategy given to it by the Gauteng provincial government (GPG). The HOD should evaluate the performance of the department on a regular basis to be able to understand the strengths and weaknesses of every member and delegate duties to them in a fair manner and according to their skill, capacity and competence. This will also help to raise any problem like lack of resources and technology and thus be in a position to provide them.The same system of organization and running of duties will be maintained eliminating the chances of a confusion cropping up during the performance period. This will curb the problem of lack of integration of financial systems (Caroselli, 2000). As the Gauteng treasury department continues to expand, appropriate measures should be carried out to also expand the working space and enable comfort to prevail to the staff as they are working.This will increase the overall out put and efficiency of each staff member. The HOD should set up a reliable information and technology management system to prevent loss of data that will give the treasury a history of their performance which is very important when evaluating the performance of the department. This will also prevent the loss of any current information or data being worked on thus mai ntain the efficiency of the department, because time will not be wasted repeating the same thing again.A back up measure that is reliable and easy to operate and manage should be devised (Rees & Porter, 2001). Administrative skills and policies have been implemented into each department, enabling good relationship to prevail in the treasury department thus contributing to the overall efficiency of performance in the department. This can be portrayed by the good relationship between the HOD and the employees, national treasury, implementation of NCOP, with the investors and human resource services among others.The Provincial Treasury must take care to prevent the functioning of the treasury to run under the influence of the politicians as this will make them rule biased decisions that favors only one party instead of working to satisfy the desires of the citizens of Gauteng. The treasury department should avoid over reliance to politicians to act as their guarantors in case of financ ial crisis but instead should work closely with the DED and GEP. Contracts formed must be fulfilled according to the terms agreed on this can be guided by implementation of SLA with ABSA.This will ensure trust between the treasury departments and the organization or person they are drawing a contract with is maintained. The HOD should ensure the municipalities are thoroughly audited to ensure the funds allocated to them are put in to their correct use and thus eliminate mismanagement of funds. Before initiating any planning methodologies, appropriate and sufficient research should be done to help accurate and adequate allocation of funds to every department in the treasury (Rees & Porter, 2001).Implementation of good leadership skills will enable the Provincial Treasury to meet their objectives which include; being recognized as the leading Provincial Treasury in South Africa, ensuring good governance of all financial matters in the province, promoting integration and alignment of p lanning processes within the Province, exploring, implementing and managing strategic financing solutions, ensuring the effective and efficient management of Gauteng Provincial Treasury and to be a preferred employer, attracting and retaining high performing individuals (Caroselli, 2000).The strategic management of the Provincial Treasury department should implement good management and leadership skills in the period of 2009-2014, to enable the department to go by their goal, vision, mission and objectives and uplift the performance of the Gauteng Provincial Government. This will make the Gauteng citizens to trust that the Gauteng Provincial Government will act on their needs and will re-elect it back to power.Word Count: 1930 Reference List Caroselli, M. (2000). Leadership Skill for Managers. New York: Mc Graw Hill Professional. Five-year Strategic Plan and Performance Plan (Second draft). (5th September 2008). Gauteng: Gauteng Provincial Treasury. Rees, D. W. and Porter, C. (2001) . The Skills of Management. 5th Ed. Bedford Row, London: Cengage Learning EMEA.

Endeavors of Envy- A Separate Peace Essays

Endeavors of Envy- A Separate Peace Essays Endeavors of Envy- A Separate Peace Essay Endeavors of Envy- A Separate Peace Essay Endeavors of Envy- A Separate Peace BY sabYGtng19 Endeavors of Envy William Penns quote that the Jealous are troublesome to others, but a torment to themselves illustrates the deleterious effects of suppressing Jealousy. Enw, when suppressed, corrupts an individuals perspective, creating the alternative. It can trigger a corroding of the mind, causing impulsive actions. John Knowles A Separate Peace analyzes Gene Forresters inability to prevent himself from harboring Jealousy within, thus resulting in a thin line between hallucination and reality. Finnys athleticism and humility embed a seed of Jealousy within Gene. Genes bafflement becomes evident when he realizes Phineas endeavors are mere perfection; however, he refuses to boast his accomplishments. Phineas humility towards his feats infuriates Gene, causing him to see himself as the epitome of inadequacy and Finny as the essence of good (Flum 6). Once this feeling is developed, envious thoughts begin to overtake Gene. Phineas accomplishments [take] root in [Genes] mind growing] rapidly in the darkness where [he is] forced o hide the raging emy to which Gene is beginning to succumb (Knowles 44). Gene realizes Phineas has never been Jealous of him, causing Gene to seek revenge. Upon the realization that Phineas is not Jealous, Genes subconscious mind leads him to believe he is not of the same quality as [Phineas] (Knowles 59). Gene is adamant in his refusal to the truth, and this begins to fuel his shadow self. Envy begins to boil over inside of Gene causing impulsive action s. His action is to physically bring down the idol, to test the limits of Finnys incredible athletic ability, nd because Phineas fails the test, Gene becomes confused and must now reevaluate himself and his idol. Genes enw leads to a metaphoric death which in turn becomes a rebirth of his identity. Idealizing and de-idealizing Phineas forces Gene to transform into an utterly confused false self. In order to forge his own identity and be free, Gene must confront reality, and the walls [he and Phineas] have erected around themselves [must] crack (Flum). The rebirthing process is difficult because Gene continues to ave Jealous thoughts, taking over the vast span of his mind and controlling him. Resulting from Genes Jealousy and impulsive actions, Phineas dies along with his vitality and humility. Finnys literal death doubles as a metaphoric death for Gene where he cannot escape the feeling that this [is his] own funeral (Knowles). John Knowles A Separate Peace illustrates how Gene is his own worst enemy, causing him to lose himself in the process of idealizing Phineas. His challenge is depicting what is reality and what is a hallucination. His idols humility to his feats causes Gene to seek revenge for self pleasure in order to test the idol; however, his failure results in a literal death to the idol and a metaphoric death to himself. Flum, et al. Relational processes and identity formation in adolescence: The example of A Separate Peace. Genetic, Social General Psychology Monographs 121. 4 (1995): 1-11. Academic Search Premier. Ebsco. 28 Aug. 2013.. Knowles, John. A Separate Peace. New York: Scribner, 2003. Penn, William. Brainy Quote. 6 Sept. 2013

The Concept of The Natural Step essays

The Concept of The Natural Step essays Can Natural Step promote sustainability in Organisations? There are three examples where companies have used The Natural Step and the outcomes prove whether it promotes sustainability. The examples shown are Stena Metall AB, an industrial recycling, trading and shipping company. The second example is Scandic Hotels and example three is Interface, a manufacturer of commercial floor covering. The Natural Step is a non- profit environmental education organisation with sight of the socially and ecologically sustainable society. Karl Henrik Robert, a cancer doctor in Sweden, discovered Natural Step in 1989. He noticed an increase in childhood leukaemia cases and seen and understood an association between human illnesses and toxins. The approach for The Natural Step is to develop their framework, and put it to use in companies and other organisations. They intend to support it, plus Work towards becoming role models in the domain of sustainable development. Internet. The Natural Step promotes sustainability, and to define sustainability this is when materials are used in continuous cycles, reliable sources of energy is used continuously, and qualities of being human is sustainable. Examples would be as follows: creativity, co-ordination, appreciation, and spiritual and intellectual development. Internet The Natural Step sets out a framework to guide companies and organisations in a direction towards sustainable development and defines the framework it lays out. The purpose of the framework is to explain in the simplest terms so that companies can understand it and integrate in their everyday work. It includes four core processes: i. Understanding the nature of business and society that is unsustainable and the interest of inspiring towards sustainability. ii. Understanding the principles for sustainability, i.e., the four systems Conditions. iii. Strategic visioning through back-casting from a desired sustain...

Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Assignment 2 - Essay Example They roughly run towards each other to grab the ball and throw it to a teammate. One or two boys fall to the ground, with one shedding copious tears, but their daddies merely tell them to stand up and run again. The crying boy’s father approaches him, pats him at the back and instructs him to play ball again as if nothing happened. My observations made me reflect on the kinds of play these children engage in. I thought Barbie dolls are considered a representation of the American ideal of beauty – sexy, thin and stylish, given to little girls like a torch passed on from one generation of women. It is but expected by society for a girl to achieve the much coveted beauty and grace exemplified by Barbie dolls, as looks matter terribly in this society. That is why the older ladies seemed to be guiding the little girls on how to make their dolls more beautiful, in the hopes that these girls will do so for themselves. On the other hand, boys are encouraged to engage in contact sports. Mothers endure the mess and stench of sweaty jerseys and hold their hearts in their throats as they witness their little boys being roughed up in the playing field all because of the image boys need to project as being manly. The fathers proudly motivate their sons to go for a goal or to brush of simple accidents of tripping to the ground as trivial. It seemed that expressing pain by crying in such accidents is not encouraged. Boys and girls are treated differently from the time they are born. Baby girls are considered fragile and they are exposed to delicate language and handled very gently. Boys, on the other hand, are exposed to strong tones and power-filled language and are handled less gently as they are tossed in the air and held upright from a younger age to demonstrate their power and strength (Rasquinha & Mouly, 2005). Chodorow (1978) posits that after birth, the infant unconsciously sees himself/ herself as merged with

Several writing exercises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Several writing exercises - Essay Example d to the accumulation of wealth, it suggests a life against nature: wealth, according to Aristotle, is only a means to something else; it has no meaning as a self-sufficient goal. Man finds happiness in the performance of his/her human craft. Happiness is the energy, movement, action, and force of the activity of the soul in the implementation of a virtue, performed in one’s life until the end, and in accordance with reason (logos). Perfection, according to Aristotle, is a practical implementation of one’s purpose in life, providing people with both successes and failures. It is a way of self-affirmation in the face of external circumstances. In the second book, Aristotle gives the definition of virtue. Aristotle considers virtue as an inner moral perfection, which became part of the habit. Its culmination is manifested in the activities of the upper part of the irrational soul, full of desires, but restrained by reason. It is a perfection of a reasonable desire, i.e. v irtue manifests itself in human ability to adapt to different situations. 2. Certainly, ethics has a special meaning for me, because I am convinced that it is necessary for each person for his/her harmonious coexistence with other people. Lack of ethics can lead to the collapse of social equilibrium, because ethics defines a respectful, honest and fair cooperation between people. The main importance belongs to applied ethics, which can be defined as an ethics that â€Å"draws upon ethical theory in order to ask what a person is obligated to do in some very specific situation, or within some particular domain of action (such as business)† (â€Å"Ethics†). Ethics, including applied ethics, have several sources. In particular, parents can be seen as one of the first sources of ethical education. Parents give the basics of ethical conduct, which is guided by the knowledge of the differences between good and bad deeds. However, parents are not the only source of ethical education. School ethics plays

Energy Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Energy Policy - Essay Example In response to reduce the pollution caused by these gases several attempt have been put in place yet the pollution is on the increase. Therefore, this paper will seek explore the available alternatives to help in the decision and identified the most feasible in all the aspects economically, socially, and politically (Meridian Corp, 1989). In order to address these challenges effectively there are various ways that have been proposed to be adopted to help in the implementation process. They include among others emission standards for vehicles, cap and trade and tort laws. The emission standards for vehicles for regulate the kind of gases that are produces by the vehicles this help to remove the unworthy vehicles that transmit fumes in the air that cause difficulty in breathing hence become life hazard to human beings in the. The caps and trade are mostly used in to control sulphuric emissions from the power plant. The emission of gases in the air contributes much to the depletion of the ozone layer that reflects the radiation from the sun, hence, preventing the scorching effects from the sun (Weil, 1991). The other form is tort law that regulates energy developers like hydrofracking operation contaminating the stream. The affluent disposed in the water systems are regulated by the law in that the waste must be treated before they are drained into the nearby rivers this help to prevent the killing of the microorganism in the water and human being that depend on the stream for domestic purposes. The best way to deal with energy externalities such as smog is to use market-based strategies like trade cap and trade and emission taxes. When the taxes are charged on the pollution caused by the environment, very many people would not like to incur the cost and will reduce the emission in the air. This method treats the pollutant equally. The more one pollutes the environment, the more he

Effective Project Communication Management Essay Example for Free

Effective Project Communication Management Essay Different communication methods are used within the business environment in order to ensure that the business runs as smoothly and effectively as possible. By doing so, this means that no misinterpretations or misunderstandings are made and therefore all information is both passed and received correctly. Different examples of communication used within a business environment can vary from phone calls, emails and face to face meetings. Depending on the situation and case you’re dealing with depends on what form of communication you would use as you want to use the one that is the most effective for what you’re doing. For example, if you want something in which you gain the most information from and get a feel for what you’re dealing with then a face to face meeting will probably be the most effective. Whereas if you just want to send something quick and easy then an email is probably more appropriate to use. When considering requirements for different audiences you have to take into consideration different things that might mean you have to vary how you go about things. For example, age, gender, and any disabilities may all be factors that you have to cater around. If you have a group of people who you’re wanting to do some sort of activity with and someone within the group is in a wheelchair then you have to make sure that they are also able to take part too and that you make any adjustments if needed to do so. Just like if you have someone who is partially/ fully death then getting a translator in so that they can understand too is necessary to make sure all information is collected efficiently by everyone there. Grammar. Grammar is what makes a sentence make sense. It’s the way that sentences are constructed. Without correct grammar, sentences can easily be misunderstood. By using correct grammar in a business environment means that you’re communicating more effectively and therefore acts as a time management skill as it lessens any confusion. Sentence structure. It is key to use sentence structures in the business environment. This ensures your messages are broken down clearly and aren’t all one big message with no punctuation or break down etc. By doing so helps emphasize any points being made and also means that communications are correctly interpreted. Punctuation. Punctuation breaks down texts into sentences, phrases, clauses and so on. It’s important that it’s used in a business environment because it helps stop any confusion arising or misunderstanding of the message that is supposed to be given. This is because lack of or incorrect punctuation can give a sentence a completely different meaning. For example, â€Å"Let’s eat Faye† as opposed to â€Å"let’s eat, Faye†. That’s why, in order to communicate effectively, it is important to ensure you use correct punctuation where needed. Spelling. When it comes to spelling and business communications, again, it is key to make sure everything is spelled correctly. Just like the rest, incorrect spelling leads to a misunderstanding of what is trying to be said as one misspelled word can change the entire meaning of a message. Conventions. Conventions make writing more understandable as its broken down into paragraphs with correct grammar, spelling etc. This makes communications in a business easier as it means that the message can be fluently read rather than having to be broken down in order to be able to understand it properly. Correct grammar is important when being used in business documents, such as emails, as it forms a professional relationship between both colleagues and customers. A massive part of communicating involves face to face meetings and therefore means the way that you put yourself across with, not only your tone of voice, but also body language is extremely important. This meaning that when dealing with sensitive cases, the tone of voice you use and body language you express should be taken into consideration greatly. You should make sure that you’re empathetic and that you consider the words in which you emphasize when trying to draw the listener’s attention. It is important to make sure you make a conscious effort to control your body language and tone of voice when speaking because body language portrays subconscious messages when communicating and can sometimes mislay the wrong impression. Examples of good body language would be making sure you make sufficient amount of eye contact, correct gestures if necessary and making sure facial expressions are appropriate. As for the tone of voice, a lot of the time people don’t remem ber what we say as such but more how we say it and that’s why using the correct tone of voice is important within the business environment to stop any misinterpretations.

Sin of Adultery in The Scarlet Letter by Hawthorne :: essays research papers

The greatest sin committed by any character in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter was that of Arthur Dimmesdale. Although Hester Prynne and Roger Chillingworth wronged each other, the person that did evil against both of them was Dimmesdale. Not only did Dimmesdale have relations with Hester Prynne though he knew that she was still married, but he never came forward as the companion in her sin. Hester Prynne, whose husband was missing for two years with no proof of him being alive of dead, had an affair with Reverend Dimmesdale. She was charged by the court of Boston, Massachusetts for adultery and was sentenced to wear a red letter "A" on her clothes at all times and to stand on the scaffold for three hours a day. Although she would not speak the man's name who was her accomplice, what Hester did in repentance was that she admitted to her crime and served her punishment. Master Prynne, also known as Roger Chillingworth, was partly responsible for Hester Prynne's relationship with Reverend Dimmesdale because his absence of communication for two years caused her to think that he was dead. Chillingworth was also guilty of tormenting Reverend Dimmesdale after he was convinced that he was the father of Hester's child. Pearl, who has a great sense of observation, claims that Chillingworth is the devil and has taken control over Dimmesdale when she says "Come away, mother! Come away, or yonder old black man will catch you! He hath got hold of the minister already." Arthur Dimmesdale was involved in the adulterous act along with Hester Prynne. One fact that makes this event more criminal for him is that Dimmesdale is a minister. Another reason for Dimmesdale's acts to be more shameful than Hester's is that she confessed and served the punishment for her crime. While Hester was on the scaffold, Dimmesdale expresses that he does not have the courage to admit his sin and sacrifice his good name. However, when Dimmesdale says "who, perchance, hath not the courage to grasp it for himself--the bitter, but wholesome, cup that is now presented to thy lips" he is inviting Hester to confess Dimmesdale's involvement with her to the townspeople with the explanation that it will be a bitter but wholesome relief to the both of them. Although Dimmesdale was tortured by his conscience for his wrongdoings, he did not publicly admit his guilt until seven years later on.

The State of US-EU Relations Essay -- International Relations Europe A

The State of US-EU Relations Good Morning Ladies and Gentlemen, It is my pleasure to speak to you today on the unfortunately precarious state of affairs between the United States and Europe. As you all know, hegemonic power has shifted between European nations for centuries, while the United States did not emerge as such an influential entity until after World War II. Since these post-war reconstructive years, the United States has continued to grow in social, economic, political, and diplomatic strength, thus cementing its role as a major international power. Although Europe came out of the war battered and bruised, it rose up out of the ashes, and surpassed its former glory to start yet another chapter in its historical saga. After Europe got back on its feet, the European Union was created, which is undoubtedly a major modern success story. The US and the EU have achieved high levels of development and stability that have led them to take on both regional and global leadership roles. Representatives from both bodies work side by side in the creation and implementation of policy in organizations such as the UN and the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development). Unfortunately, this rosy picture of harmonious relations is more than a little bit idealistic. To say that there have not been times of tension and strife between the US and the EU would obviously be incorrect. Even to say, that the days of friction and discord are over would be a fallacy, because certain issues continue to put a strain on US-EU relations. In order to detail the â€Å"why† for the current state of US-EU relations, I will first talk about how past and present conflicts and failures of policy have been caused by fundamenta... ...lliance has been a critical component of the international system for the past five decade†¦ [but] the transatlantic relationship is now under serious strain†¦Cooperation across the Atlantic will remain critical for addressing the regional and increasingly global challenges likely to be central in the twenty-first century†¦Despite the forces pushing apart the two sides of the Atlantic, the United States and Europe still have compatible interests and complementary capabilities†¦[and] virtually every objective that Americans and Europeans seek will be easier to attain if they work together†¦Ã¢â‚¬ 15 Thank you very much for allowing me to speak today on the Atlantic Rift and the State of US-EU Relations. I hope to see you all again, as the United States and the European Union work through their differences, and continue to come together at the global bargaining table.

Experience and Perception of Space

Prior cognition can hold an grounding consequence on our perceptual experience about a infinite. Our behavioural response inside a infinite is a decision and a contemplation of our anterior judgement of the infinite. Human encephalon along with seven other senses that include eyes, nose, ears, lingua, skeleton and musculus identify and interpret information and semen to a decision, which is normally known as perceptual experience. This procedure differs from single to single. This can take to different perceptual experience about the same infinite by different persons as they assign different significances to what they perceive. In order to deduce to a percept one needs to undergo the procedure of self-contemplation. This procedure of self-contemplation has been described as observation and contemplation of one’s ain witting ideas and scruples, that involves acquiring familiar with a infinite by deriving practical apprehension of the topic. Hence it becomes really of import to non acquire affected by a 3rd individuals percept but instead follow and rely on one’s ain experience. What a interior decorator or an designer is seeking to convey about the infinite should be brought to each person through his or her ain experience. This essay will be foregrounding that as a user of the infinite one doesn’t demand to hold a anterior cognition before sing it. It will be ideal for the user to deduce to a percept after sing the infinite through interaction of the senses and apprehension of the surrounding in world.The experience can be valuable if a individual does non hold a perceptual experience so that each individual has an single experience, which is non, influenced by person else’s perceptual experience. The subject will be discussed through instance surveies and relevant theories. Finnish designer, Juhani Pallasmaa said, â€Å"A work of art is a world merely when it is experienced, and sing a work of art means animating its dimension of feeling† ( Pallasmaa, 2005 ) . This quotation mark was said in context to explicating the importance of sing a infinite in order to associate to its world. When the user of the infinite personally undergoes its encompassing field he or she is able appreciate the infinite and besides at the same clip actively take portion in activities taking them to link with it in world. At times, experience can be really slippery and debatable. We might experience â€Å" confused, unsure, incoherent, unable to move when we are unable to organize anterior cognition and anterior wont to get by with the exigencies of the minute. â€Å" ( Roschelle 1995, parity. 67 ) Jeremy Roschelle references that pedagogues frequently aim at making experiences that engage pupils in actively bring forthing a sense of understanding the construct and tho ughts for themselves. They frequently inherit the feeling that it is indispensable for pupils to obtain anterior cognition to absorb new constructs. But harmonizing to the research, anterior cognition is characterized as opposing with the learning process, which frequently misguides pupils to unconventional interlingual rendition of constructs and therefore attempts to stamp down, destruct, or replace its influence. In drumhead, in order for new cognition to take the place of the anterior cognition, anterior cognition should must be confronted, challenged, destroyed or erased. ( Roschelle 1995, parity. 38 ) . As a consequence of anterior cognition and perceptual experiences organic structure tends to be thrown into a structured state of affairs where the game is already laid. Meaning where persons have to play harmonizing to the regulations established already. Hence, research workers have described prior cognition as â€Å"presumptions† â€Å"Alternative constructs, † â€Å"naive conceptions† and â€Å"misconceptions† ( Russell 1959 ) . Interior designers of synergistic experiences ought to be sensitive to the diverse position that will be brought by persons during their first manus experience. For illustration, museums and exhibitions are decently situated as finishs for conceptual alteration. They offer visitant with freedom and chances to interact with infinite and objects straight. Attending to the jobs that occur in an experiential exchange, from the position of the scholar and leting infinite and clip for enquiry to originate should be the cardinal concern of the interior decorator. Another concern should be focused on supplying tools that facilitate enquiry to be utile and effectual. Inquiry appears non in the caput, nevertheless in immediate interaction with the universe. Meaning that the act of enquiry appears when the person is invariably seeking cognition and information by oppugning the infinite. To win, scholars need to exemplify, look into ideas and phenomena in order to accomplish successful analysis of penchants by experimentation. Try to ease one person ‘s perceptual experience about a infinite with another can frequently bit by bit stop up traveling curious ideas of different single towards a typical land. Further more different perceptual experiences can stop up re-portraying, re-situating, and reconstructing the whole first manus experience of the visitant in entirety. In drumhead the pedagogues must seek for cases in which anterior information becomes slippery and debatable, and purpose to bring forth three conditions viz. : clip, devices and conversations that facilitate enquiry to come on successfully. First, interior decorators must look out to polish former cognition, and non force scholars understanding with their ain. Secondly interior decorators must anticipate a long term larning methodological analysis, of which the short-run experience will play an of import portion. Interior designers must remember that larning relies on upon societal association ; treatme nts shape the construction and substance of the thoughts that scholars develop. Prior cognition can be as mere informations but the remainder must arise from seeing, gestating, sing and prosecuting. Learning of things, which are described as information by familiarity, is fundamentally more straightforward than any information of truths. The word familiarity here is described as the cognition by experience of something. Hence we should state that holding known something through experience is independent of any intervention or any cognition gained by description. Hence familiarising with things while seeing and touching them aid in larning and knowing of the truth. â€Å" No description in the literature can to the full convey the character and fundamental law of a learners’ anterior cognition † ( Roschelle 1995, parity. 88 ) . Disagring to this statement in my position the lone disadvantage of cognition by description is that rather a spot of our penetration is left dubious and the cognition remains perplexing until understood decently. This leads to an influenced perceptual experience without really being physically acquainted with the infinite. â€Å"The cardina l rule in the analysis of propositions incorporating descriptions is this: Every proposition which we can understand must be composed entirely of components with which we are acquainted.† ( Russell 2009, ch.5 ) While adverting several guidelines for construing anterior cognition, Jeremy Roschelle said â€Å"be wary of sing anterior cognition as an enemy fortresses that is incorrect, alternate, or theoretical in character, and alternatively see prior cognition as a disorganised aggregation of edifice blocks† ( Roschelle 1995, parity. 88 ) . Agring to this statement in my position prior cognition can be helter-skelter and confounding which is non characterized by practical judgement and logical thinking. Rather it is theoretical in nature that can be inclusive of an already influenced perceptual experience. Therefore doing the user of the infinite derive to a perceptual experience even before an person is confronted with a infinite in reality.In the book â€Å"How Learni ng Works† ( Ambrose, 2010 ) , it is mentioned that in order to construct complex and powerful learning constructions increasingly, an person may stop up hammering connexions between antecedently gained cognition and new information. It is possible that persons may non pull applicable or relevant connexions with the anterior cognition instantly. In this event where they do non pull upon applicable connexions with former information and basically if that information is still concealed or hidden, it may non promote the integrating and combination of new cognition. Ansel Adams comments that, any person should non hold the privilege to pull off what other single ought to see, do or bring forth. To assemble trust in the inventive psyche of an person, every person must be urged to bring out his or her penetrations and feelings. Furthermore, Husserl brings up that the connexion between the object of information and the subjective presentation of cognizing must be explored and clarii ¬?ed in the event that we wish to carry through a more important comprehension of the possibility of cognition. In drumhead no single user should find what the other user must detect. Rather the connexions must be drawn after researching and sing the infinite as it unfolds in its milieus. Next, the thing that involvements different persons is frequently described to them and is merely known to be echt. However it is non valid as they do non hold any familiarity with it and are besides non familiarized with the suggestion themselves. These lines are mentioning towards the cognition by description which is directed towards any phrase â€Å"in the signifier of â€Å"a so and so† or â€Å"the so and so†Ã¢â‚¬  ( Russell 2009, ch.5 ) Harmonizing to author, this signifier of a phrase should be called an equivocal phrase which is does non hold one obvious significance and is unfastened to more than one reading. The dominant factor of cognition by description is that it makes it possible for the user to go through beyond the bounds of their personal experience. In malice of the fact that user can merely cognize truths, which are wholly composed of footings which they have experienced in world, user can yet hold a anterior cognition by description of infinite which is ne'er experienced before. But â€Å"In position of the really narrow scope of our immediate experience, this consequence is critical, and until it is understood, much of our cognition must stay cryptic and hence doubtful.† ( Russell 2009, ch.5 ) In sum-up, for an equivocal or dubious description to turn into a logical description characterized by sound logical thinking, it is necessary for the user of the infinite to edify his or her vision images into spacial experience by traveling in and out of infinites. For repairing a users behavior inside a infinite, spacial elements like shadows, visible radiation, distance and he ight drama a cardinal function. In order to hold an gratifying experience the user must be free of any anterior description that may move an obstructor in the spacial experience of the user. It is believed that there are assorted issues associated with equivocal descriptions. To get down with, it seems that, â€Å"when we make a statement about something merely known by description, we frequently intend to do our statement, non in the signifier affecting the description, but about the existent thing described† ( Russell 2009, ch.5 ) . In these lines the writer is merely seeking conveying up that, someway, it must be imaginable to run into these ailments, but it is invalid to organize a judgement or enchant a guess without groking it mentally and go throughing a judgement full of premises about it. In decision, this essay has references that how forging person else perceptual experience can destroy the first manus experience of the user of the infinite. Facts or sentiments drilled inside the head of the user by some other single can take to perceptual experience can consequence the experience and may non promote and welcome new cognition to come in. Another point the essay has discussed is that anterior cognition can be as mere informations but the remainder must arise from seeing, gestating, sing and prosecuting. Hence, cognition would be extremely good in organizing an apprehension that is better suited and good topographic points in forepart of the user of a infinite through proper logical thinking and logics. It becomes necessary to put definitions for footings such as cognizing perceiving, believing etc. Prior cognition remains dubious until and unless it is characterized by the procedure of human observation and acquisition. Last, it must remember that larning relies on u pon societal association, interaction and experience within a infinite. Discussions shape the construction and substance of the thoughts that a user develops. Appreciating the infinite by fluxing in and out of infinites accelerates and give rise to a perceptual experience that is non formed or shaped by a different individuals perceptual experience. These points have demonstrated that a user of a infinite doesn’t needfully have anterior cognition before sing a infinite.